·
· Adult skeleton consists of 206 bones.
Importance in Forensic Anthropology
· To differentiate it from other mammals.
· To identify the person – age, sex etc.
01. The Cranium
- Consists of 27 bones.
o Paired
o Single – frontal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Vomer
- Important in Forensic Medicine in identification of sex. This is done by using two methods. They are,
o Morphological
§ Overall size
§ Supraorbital development
§ Forehead shape
o Metrical
§ Linear combination of number of a number of cranial dimensions
§ Discriminant functional analysis
02. The Mandible
- Formed to a single bone by fusing at the midline, by the age of 12 months.
03. The Scapula
- Consists of,
o Dorsal and costal surface
o Spine, acromion and coracoid process
o Glenoid cavity
04. The Clavicle
- Epiphysial union
o At sternal end – 25-28 years
o At acromial end – 19-20 years
05. The Sternum
- Poorly preserved in forensic situations.
06. The Ribs
- Tend to decay faster
07. The Humerus
- Ossification occurs at 8 different centers.
o In the shaft – proximal epiphysis – 19.5-20.5 years
Distal epiphysis – 14-15 years
o Greater tubercle
o Lesser tubercle
o Capitulum
o Medial part of the trochlea
o Each of epicondyles
- Errors of estimation of stature from humerus are greater than the errors from the other long bones.
08. The radius
- Epiphysial union of the head of the radius – 14-15 years.
- Epiphysial union of the distal radius – 18-19 years.
09. The Ulna
- Epiphysial union of the proximal ulna – 14.5-15.5 years.
- Epiphysial union of the distal ulna – 18-19 years.
08. Bones of the Hand
- 26 bones
· 7 carpal bones
· 5 metacarpals
· 14 phalanges
- Each carpal bone ossifies from a single center.
- Capitate ossifies first and the lunate last.
- In females, ossification is completed by 12 years of age.
- Metacarpals ossify from two centers, primary and secondary.
- Primary center - in the shaft.
- Secondary center – in the proximal end of the metacarpal 1 and distal ends of metacarpals 2 to 5.
- Epiphysial union in metacarpals is completed by the age of 15-16 years.
- Metacarpals are used to find the stature and the sex.
10. The Spinal Column
- 24 vertebra
- Following can be used to identify cervical vertebrae.
o Small size.
o Presence of transverse processes, which are perforated by a foramen.
o Atlas – has large vertebral foramen and does not have a body.
o Axis – has a prominent process, the odontoid process.
- Following are used to identify 12 thoracic vertebrae.
o Each has costal facets for articulation with the ribs.
o First 10 vertebrae have additional facets in their transverse processes for the articulation with the tubercles of the ribs.
- Following are used to identify 5 lumbar vertebrae.
o Broad bodies.
o Triangular shaped vertebral foramen.
- The Sacrum
o Formed by the fusion of the five sacral vertebrae.
o Important in sex determination, age estimation and parturition.
11. The Iliac Bones
- Consists of three parts, Ilium, ischium, and the pubic bone. They are separated in the infants.
- They unite during the pubertal growth spurt.
- Entire union is completed at by the age of 23 years.
- Plays a main role in sex determination.
12. The Femur
- Has five ossification centers.
o In the shaft
o In the head
o Greater trochanter
o Lesser trochanter
o At the distal end
- Epiphysial union is completed by the age of 17-18.5 years.
- Distal epiphysis closes last.
- Used in stature estimation, sex and race determination.
- Stature estimation from the femur is less erroneous than from other bones.
- Can be used to determine the geographical origin.
13. The Tibia
- Ossifies from three centers, in shaft and in both ends.
- Epiphysial closure at proximal end occurs at the age of 17.5-18.5 years.
- Epiphysial closure at distal end occurs at the age of 15.5-16.5 years.
-
14. The fibula
- Ossifies from three centers, in shaft and in both ends.
- Epiphysial closure at proximal end occurs at the age of 17.5-18.5 years.
- Epiphysial closure at distal end occurs at the age of 15.5-16.5 years.
- Can be used to determine the geographical origin.
15. Bones of the foot
- Made of 25 bones.
o 6 tarsal bones.
o 5 metatarsal bones.
o 14 phalanges.
No comments:
Post a Comment